THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION FORMAL STATEMENTS
Public speeches
Letters of opposition or support
Declarations by organizations and institutions
Signed public declarations
Declarations of indictment and intention
Group or mass petitions
COMMUNICATIONS WITH A WIDER AUDIENCE
Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
Banners, posters, and displayed communications
Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
Newspapers and journals
Records, radio, and television
Skywriting and earthwriting
GROUP REPRESENTATIONS
Deputations
Mock awards
Group lobbying
Picketing
Mock elections
SYMBOLIC PUBLIC ACTS
Displays of flags and symbolic colours
Wearing of symbols
Prayer and worship
Delivering symbolic objects
Protest disrobings
Destruction of own property
Symbolic lights
Displays of portraits
Paint as protest
New signs and names
Symbolic sounds
Symbolic reclamations
Rude gestures
PRESSURES ON INDIVIDUALS
“Haunting” officials
Taunting officials
Fraternization
Vigils
DRAMA AND MUSIC
Humourous skits and pranks
Performances of plays and music
Singing
PROCESSIONS
Marches
Parades
Religious processions
Pilgrimages
Motorcades
HONOURING THE DEAD
Political mourning
Mock funerals
Demonstrative funerals
Homage at burial places
PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES
Assemblies of protest or support
Protest meetings
Camouflaged meetings of protest
Teach-ins
WITHDRAWAL AND RENUNCIATION
Walk-outs
Silence
Renouncing honours
Turning one’s back
THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION OSTRACISM OF PERSONS
Social boycott
Selective social boycott
Lysistratic nonaction
Excommunication
Interdict
NONCOOPERATION WITH SOCIAL EVENTS, CUSTOMS, AND INSTITUTIONS
Suspension of social and sports activities
Boycott of social affairs
Student strike
Social disobedience
Withdrawal from social institutions
WITHDRAWAL FROM THE SOCIAL SYSTEM
Stay-at-home
Total personal noncooperation
“Flight” of workers
Sanctuary
Collective disappearance
Protest emigration (hijrat)
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS ACTION BY CONSUMERS
Consumers’ boycott
Nonconsumption of boycotted goods
Policy of austerity
Rent withholding
Refusal to rent
National consumers’ boycott
International consumers’ boycott
ACTION BY WORKERS AND PRODUCERS
Workers’ boycott
Producers’ boycott
ACTION BY MIDDLEMEN
Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott
ACTION BY OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
Traders’ boycott
Refusal to let or sell property
Lockout
Refusal of industrial assistance
Merchants’ “general strike”
ACTION BY HOLDERS OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Withdrawal of bank deposits
Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
Refusal to pay debts or interest
Severance of funds and credit
Revenue refusal
Refusal of a government’s money
ACTION BY GOVERNMENTS
Domestic embargo
Blacklisting of traders
International sellers’ embargo
International buyers’ embargo
International trade embargo
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOOPERATION: THE STRIKE SYMBOLIC STRIKES
Protest strike
Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
AGRICULTURAL STRIKES
Peasant strike
Farm workers’ strike
STRIKES BY SPECIAL GROUPS
Refusal of impressed labour
Prisoners’ strike
Craft strike
Professional strike
ORDINARY INDUSTRIAL STRIKES
Establishment strike
Industry strike
Sympathy strike
RESTRICTED STRIKES
Detailed strike
Bumper strike
Slowdown strike
Working-to-rule strike
Reporting “sick” (sick-in)
Strike by resignation
Limited strike
Selective strike
MULTI-INDUSTRY STRIKES
Generalised strike
General strike
COMBINATION OF STRIKES AND ECONOMIC CLOSURES
Hartal
Economic shutdown
THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION REJECTION OF AUTHORITY
Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance
Refusal of public support
Literature and speeches advocating resistance
CITIZENS’ NONCOOPERATION WITH GOVERNMENT
Boycott of legislative bodies
Boycott of elections
Boycott of government employment and positions
Boycott of government departments, agencies, and other bodies
Withdrawal from governmental educational institutions
Boycott of government-supported institutions
Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
Removal of own signs and placemarks
Refusal to accept appointed officials
Refusal to dissolve existing institutions
CITIZENS’ ALTERNATIVES TO OBEDIENCE
Reluctant and slow compliance
Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
Popular nonobedience
Disguised disobedience
Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
Sitdown
Noncooperation with conscription and deportation
Hiding, escape, and false identities
Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
ACTION BY GOVERNMENT PERSONNEL
Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
Blocking of lines of command and information
Stalling and obstruction
General administrative noncooperation
Judicial noncooperation
Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
Mutiny
DOMESTIC GOVERNMENTAL ACTION
Quasi-legal evasions and delays
Noncooperation by constituent governmental units
INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL ACTION
Changes in diplomatic and other representation
Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events
Withholding of diplomatic recognition
Severance of diplomatic relations
Withdrawal from international organisations
Refusal of membership in international bodies
Expulsion from international organisations
THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION
Self-exposure to the elements
The fast
Fast of moral pressure
Hunger strike
Satyagrahic fast
Reverse trial
Nonviolent harassment
PHYSICAL INTERVENTION
Sit-in
Stand-in
Ride-in
Wade-in
Mill-in
Pray-in
Nonviolent raids
Nonviolent air raids
Nonviolent invasion
Nonviolent interjection
Nonviolent obstruction
Nonviolent occupation
SOCIAL INTERVENTION
Establishing new social patterns
Overloading of facilities
Stall-in
Speak-in
Guerrilla theatre
Alternative social institutions
Alternative communication system
ECONOMIC INTERVENTION
Reverse strike
Stay-in strike
Nonviolent land seizure
Defiance of blockades
Politically motivated counterfeiting
Preclusive purchasing
Seizure of assets
Dumping
Selective patronage
Alternative markets
Alternative transportation systems
Alternative economic institutions
POLITICAL INTERVENTION
Overloading of administrative systems
Disclosing identities of secret agents
Seeking imprisonment
Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws
Work-on without collaboration
Dual sovereignty and parallel government​​​​​